Pdf the aim of this research was to know the exact morphological characteristics of some antagonistic microbes. May 12, 2010 tools for genetic manipulation of trichoderma. It is highly interactive in root, soil and foliar environments. Therefore, a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for identification of the aggressive strains of t. Molecular characterization of trichoderma isolates by issr marker. Trichoderma groups based only on their anatomy or gross morphology. During an in vitro biocontrol test, trichoderma showed mycoparasitism and destructive control against the tested fungal pathogens. In the present study, 11 trichoderma isolates were isolated from rhizosphere soils, humus and compost. Both the pathogens significantly influence the germination and p.
Pdf the morphological characterization was carried out for 5. Morphological characteristics of four trichoderma isolates and two endophytic fusarium isolates. Increased root andor shoot biomass is the most common expression of growth promotion but changes in plant morphology and development are also reported. However, this fungi can also be found on various parts of plants including the leaves, seeds and grains.
Effects of trichoderma fermented wheat bran on growth performance, intestinal morphology and histological findings in broiler chickens yi ting chua, chaur tsuen lob, shen chang changc and tzu tai leea adepartment of animal science, national chung hsing university, taichung, taiwan. Most molds are innocuous saprophytes, living off of dead organic materials, although a number of them are plant pathogens. Plant growth promotion for many years, the ability of these fungi to increase the rate of plant growth and development, including, especially, their ability to cause the production of more robust roots has been known. This trichoderma strain could grow well in a wide range of ph ph 46. Molecular analysis of the 2 isolates recovered from our patients revealed a 100% identity with trichoderma longibrachiatum genbank accession number z48935 for both isolates. Cultural and morphological characterization of trichoderma. It contains many species and strains, of which some are saprophytic while others are pathogenic to other fungi such as pythium. In soil, they frequently are the most prevalent culturable fungi. They were divided into three groups based on morphology, pigmentation, growth rates and intensity of conidiation. At the end of observation, the cfu of two times application was the highest with cfu of 15.
Members of the genus trichoderma are universally present in soils, although individual species may be either cosmopolitan e. Mycoparasitic trichoderma viride as a biocontrol agent. Article pdf available january 2011 with 6,105 reads how we measure reads. The cellulase of trichoderma viride pubmed central pmc. Trichoderma species are common contaminants of spawn, compost, and wood in commercial mushroomgrowing facilities. Trichoderma ascomycetes, hypocreales strains that have warted conidia are traditionally identified as t. Paper effects of trichoderma fermented wheat bran on growth performance, intestinal morphology and histological findings in broiler chickens yi ting chua, chaur tsuen lob, shen chang changc and tzu tai leea adepartment of animal science, national chung hsing university, taichung, taiwan. Pdf morphological characteristics of four trichoderma isolates. Effects of trichoderma fermented wheat bran on growth.
A morphological and molecular perspective of trichoderma viride. Most species are considered indicators of compost quality or horticultural practices. A total of 26 morphological and colour mutants oftrichoderma viride were characterized. Trichoderma viride is the causal agent of green mold rot of onion. In this study we describe a novel darkgreen strain of trichoderma viride exhibiting complete ensemble of cellulase, hemicellulase and ligninase activities on specific plate assays. Complementation analysis of colour mutants and mutants with disturbances in conidiation showed that after anastomosis and protoplast fusion only. Studies of habitats have demonstrated that this mould occurs in the extreme north, in alpine areas and in tropical regions.
Trichoderma harzianum, strain t22 is a hybrid strain developed at cornell university to enhance certain characteristics of its parent strains. Later, with the advent of molecular techniques the morphologybased. The seven strains are identified as trichoderma viride, t. A trichoderma strain was isolated and then identified as trichoderma viride strain frp3 based on colony morphology, cell morphology and 18s rrna analysis. We investigated the role of auxin in regulating the growth and development of arabidopsis arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in response to inoculation with trichoderma virens and trichoderma atroviride by developing a plantfungus interaction system. While examining the five days culture of trichoderma harzianum, trichoderma viride and trichoderma pseudokoningii grown on pda, the following micro morphological differences were observed. Characterization of trichoderma viride and trichoderma harzianum isolated. Trichoderma viride, the dark green mold and maker of.
A novel strain of trichoderma viride shows complete. Trichoderma species belong to a class of freeliving fungi beneficial to plants that are common in the rhizosphere. In vitro screening test the antagonistic effects of each trichoderma sp. University of agriculture and technology, kanpur208002, india 2department of plant pathology, krishi vigyan kendra, banda, india corresponding author a b s t r a c t. Morphologybased characterization of trichoderma species. Mycorrhizal fungi are not parasitic like trichoderma fungi. Morphological characteristics of five isolates of trichoderma sp. The potential use of trichoderma viride strain frp3 in. Litter materials were cultured in pda plates for the isolation of the fungi. This refers to the ability of several trichoderma species to form mutualistic endophytic relationships with several plant species. Microbial cellulases have industrial application in the conversion of cellulose, a major component of plant biomass, into glucose. Morphological and colour mutants of trichoderma viride. Trichoderma is a very common fungi present in nearly all soils. Trichoderma species are widely reported as plant growth promoters.
Trichoderma is a genus of fungi in the family hypocreaceae, that is present in all soils, where they are the most prevalent culturable fungi. However, trichoderma species also appear to belong to the growing list of emergent pathogens, with an increasing number of reports of invasive infections 2, 3. It has proven to be useful in controlling common soilborne diseases. Pdf morphological characterization of biocontrol isolates of. Trichoderma virens, a plant beneficial fungus, enhances. By using trichoderma you will be promoting a more balanced population of naturally occurring soil microorganisms, and at the same time reducing your use of harsh, toxic chemicals. However, two morphologically distinct types of conidial warts i and ii have been found. Trichoderma is a very effective biological mean for plant disease management especially the soil born. Sarada jayalakshmi devi4 1department of plant pathology, s. Trichoderma is also an opportunistic pathogen to humans and has been reported in the infection of immunecompromised children. The history and evolution of current concepts fungal species belonging to the genus trichoderma are worldwide in occurrence and easily isolated from soil, decaying wood, and other forms of plant organic matter. Plot 2 p2 was introduced with conidia suspension of trichoderma viride strain frp3 one time application, and plot 3 p3 was introduced with conidia suspension of trichoderma viride frp3 two time applications. Complementation analysis of colour mutants and mutants with disturbances in conidiation showed that after anastomosis and protoplast fusion only heterokaryotes are formed while no nuclear.
Transformation of many species is possible, and different approaches such. It is a freeliving fungus which is common in soil and root ecosystems. Gams w, bissett j 1998 morphology and identification of trichoderma. Trichoderma viride was proved as an effective biocontrol agent against two fungal pathogens, fusarium oxysporum f. Trichoderma fungi products in your gardening catalogue, local nursery or indoor garden centre. It is the anamorph of hypocrea rufa, its teleomorph, which is the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus. In this study six different trichoderma species were isolated form rhizosphere soils of paddy, banana, oil. The trichoderma species colonizing mushroom cultivation media are difficult to distinguish from each other. In the aforementioned cases, species identification relied on morphology, sometimes completed by molecular identification. Cellulose is a major understanding and using trichoderma fungi by donald lester.
The genus trichoderma is one of the most abundant fungi that have been shown to be present in all climatic zones. Allergic manifestations associated with trichoderma exposure have been reported elsewhere. Cultures of trichoderma harzianum strain t22 krlag2 growing on potato dextrose agar. It is used for seed and soil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Microbial cellulases have industrial application in the conversion of cellulose, a major component of plant biomass, into glucose t. Screening of trichoderma and antagonistic analysis of a. Trichoderma fungi produce powerful enzymes to dissolve crop residues and attack soil pathogens like pythium, fusarium and rhizoctonia. Kubicek cp, harman ge eds trichoderma and gliocladium, basic biology, taxonomy and genetics, vol 1.
To assess the cellulase production in detail, basal salt medium bsm was fortified with synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose cmc, glucose, sucrose, dextrose, lactose or maltose and natural. Colony morphology and morphological features of sporulating structures and. Morphological and physiological analysis of biocontrol agent. Trichoderma harzianum, strain t22 is a hybrid strain developed to enhance certain characteristics of its parent strains. Pdf morphological characteristics of four trichoderma.
Screening of trichoderma and antagonistic analysis of a potential strain of trichoderma for production of a. But, before preparing a bioformulation with trichoderma, the effect of media, temperature and ph on the growth and sporulation of trichoderma species should be known 12. Trichoderma, soilborne filamentous fungi, are capable of parasitising several plant pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma reesei is a mesophilic and filamentous fungus. In the mid1980s, extensive crop losses attributed to trichoderma harzianum occurred on mushroom farms in the british isles. Morphological and physiological analysis of biocontrol agent trichoderma viride r. Morphological characteristics and genetic variability of. Morphological and molecular identification of trichoderma. These isolates were characterized and identified by morphological characterization and sequence analysis of 5.
The white areas do not contain spores, while the green areas are covered with dense masses. Agricultural college, acharya n g ranga agricultural university, tirupati 517 502. Morphological and physiological analysis of biocontrol. Trichoderma species are common plant saprophytes and wooddecaying fungi. Aug, 2011 trichoderma, soilborne filamentous fungi, are capable of parasitising several plant pathogenic fungi.
Trichoderma viride is a fungus and a bio fungicide. These enhancements in disease resistance, environmental tolerance and crop compatibility made t. Mechanisms employed by trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases. The components essential for attack on cotton are a carboxymethylcellulase, a cellobiase and a third c 1 component which has no action on cmcellulose, cellobiose or cotton. Identification of trichoderma isolates colony morphology of the each trichoderma. Effectiveness of trichoderma viride t2 to the growth of. Because each type corresponds to a unique mitochondrial dna pattern, it has been questioned whether t. Addition of aluminum oxide microparticles to trichoderma. This trait is isolate rather than species specific with individual isolates exhibiting varying degrees of plant specificity. All the isolates taken for study were already classified as trichoderma harzianum and trichoderma viride through biochemical analysis based o n their toxicity over the plant pathogens.
As such, it can be found in virtually all soils or rotting wood given that they are found in the roots of plants. Morphological characterization of biocontrol isolates. Trichoderma fungi classification, characteristics and. The common house mold, trichoderma longibrachiatum, produces small toxic peptides containing amino acids not found in common proteins, like alphaaminoisobutyric acid, called trilongins up to 10% ww. Many species in this genus can be characterized as opportunistic avirulent plant symbionts. A morphological and molecular perspective of trichoderma. It reduces growth, survival or infections caused by pathogens by different mechanisms like competition. The application of trichoderma viride strain frp 3 for. Trichoderma viride isolate obtained from indian institute of technology, new delhi, india is a biocontrol agent against soil borne plant pathogens and it can easily colonize in plant rhizosphere and help to promote the plant growth verma et al. Isolation, identification and characterization of trichoderma species. Specifically, trichoderma virens, including strain g41, is a naturally occurring fungus that is native to the united states and is widely distributed throughout the world, inhabiting forest, agricultural, and orchard soils. Molecular characterization of trichoderma isolates by issr.
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